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Latitudinal gradients in species diversity. Why are there so many species in the tropics?

July 2nd, 2009 by Klaus Rohde

A new paper by Gillman et al. (2009) confirms my hypothesis of “effective evolutionary time”, according to which species diversity is determined by direct temperature effects on mutation rates and generation times. The authors examined 260 mammal species of 10 orders and 29 families and found that substitution rates in the cytochrome B gene were substantially faster in species at warm latitudes and elevations, compared with those from cold latitudes and elevations. A critical examination of the data showed that this cannot be attributed to gene drift or body mass differentials. The only possibilities left are a Red Queen effect or direct effects of thermal gradients (including possibly an effect of torpor/hibernation differentials).

For details see

http://knol.google.com/k/klaus-rohde/effective-evolutionary-time/xk923bc3gp4/11#

and

http://knol.google.com/k/klaus-rohde/latitudinal-gradients-in-species/xk923bc3gp4/56#

For my publications on latitudinal gradients see:

http://blog.une.edu.au/klausrohde/2008/03/28/klaus-rohde-latitudinal-gradients-in-species-diversity-reproductive-strategies-and-geographical-ranges/

New paper

April 9th, 2009 by Klaus Rohde

This “paper” is available free of charge on the website of the journal.

Natural Laws, Vacant Niches and Superorganisms. A Response to
Woodley
Klaus Rohde

Attualità biologica / News and Views
PUNTI DI VISTA / VIEWPOINTS
Rivista di Biologia / Biology Forum 101 (2009), pp. 331-352.

Conclusions
We conclude that Woodley’s evidence for his claim that evolu-
tion is characterised by generally unidirectional lineage degenera-
tion that terminates in overspecialization with resulting extinction
is not convincing. The same applies to the evidence in support of
his claim that niche space may be globally but not locally unsatu-
rated with species, and that ecosystems exhibit superorganismal
properties and can be considered as complex adaptive systems in
their own right. – The entire controversy about the validity of the
term vacant niche really amounts to a controversy about whether
ecosystems are generally saturated with species and individuals,
i.e., in equilibrium, or whether niche space is largely unsaturated,
i.e. in non-equilibrium. Acceptance of one of these paradigms
based on empirical evidence has important consequences for how
we deal with conservation of habitats and ecosystems.

Back to Spinoza?

March 7th, 2009 by Klaus Rohde

Here are the Conclusions to my latest knol on Richard Dawkins: the God Delusion, as well as the replies by Terry Eagleton and Richard Schröder. Comments on the knol are very welcome.

Link to knol here:

http://knol.google.com/k/klaus-rohde/richard-dawkins-the-god-delusion-terry/xk923bc3gp4/60#edit

Conclusion

My conclusion is that Dawkins has underestimated the positive contributions of religions to human culture, in the arts, philosophy, literature, music and architecture. Religions may well have the function to bring about social coherence (as stated by Dawkins himself), and what would take over if religions should be abolished? Dawkins’ emphasis on religion might even be dangerous, if it deflects attention from other important issues. Would it be perhaps more useful to concentrate on social and economic inequalities and try to suggest recipes for their amelioration? - He considers the concept of God a scientific hypothesis that can be tested by scientific means. But, as pointed out by theological critics, God is more than that: a source of love. - From a scientific point of view, I believe that the role of natural selection, the very basis of Darwin’s interpretation of evolution, is not as important as he claims it is. According to Kauffman [2], many traits of organisms have evolved not because of natural selection but in spite of it. Stephen Wolfram’s [3] extensive computer simulations of many systems have shown that simple “rules” in programs lead to complex characters. In other words, it may not be necessary to assume lengthy processes of selection leading from simple to complex characters. These findings suggest that evolutionary patterns may fit into certain “molds”, i.e., that outcomes of evolution are to a certain degree predetermined by the laws of nature (see discussion in [9][10][11][12]), which opens the way to a Spinozistic interpretation of nature, in which a primary cause (which everybody is welcome to name God) is at the base of and determines all the rest. Of course, this does not imply the existence of a personal God who takes responsibility and care of us.

On the Way to Socialism? The Guardian: Twenty-five people at the heart of the meltdown

January 27th, 2009 by Klaus Rohde

In a previous post I drew attention to some people exposed by the present financial and economic crisis.

An article in the Guardian discusses 25 people (politicians, bankers, economists, etc.) responsible for or warning against the present meltdown. Alan Greenspan heads the list of the culprits, George Soros and Nouriel Roubini are among the warners.

See the full article here.


Here is what the article says about Roubini (bold by me):
Professor Nouriel Roubini¨Described by the New York Times as Dr Doom, the economist from New York University was warning that financial crisis was on the way in 2006, when he told economists at the IMF that the US would face a once-in-a-lifetime housing bust, oil shock and a deep recession.
He remains a pessimist. He predicted last week that losses in the US financial system could hit $3.6tn before the credit crunch ends - which, he said, means the entire US banking system is in effect bankrupt. After last year’s bail-outs and nationalisations, he famously described George Bush, Henry Paulson and Ben Bernanke as “a troika of Bolsheviks who turned the USA into the United Socialist State Republic of America”.

Ökologie/Zoogeographie, Parasitologie, Ökonomie, Politik, Philosophie Knols

January 25th, 2009 by Klaus Rohde

Read the rest of this entry »

Ecology/Zoogeography, Economics, Parasitology and Philosophy Knols

January 25th, 2009 by Klaus Rohde

Over the last several weeks I wrote a number of knols on ecology/zoogeography, ecology/economics, ecology/politics, parasitology, and philosophy, meant mainly for students and interested lay people. Some are in German, some in English. The English ones are listed below with links. Note that you can comment on the knols. Any suggestions for improvements are welcome.

Ecology/Zoogeography

The Latitude Niche Width Hypothesis

http://knol.google.com/k/klaus-rohde/latitude-niche-width-hypothesis/xk923bc3gp4/48#

How Many Species on Earth?

http://knol.google.com/k/klaus-rohde/how-many-species-on-earth/xk923bc3gp4/43#

Competitive Exclusion (Gause’s Principle)

http://knol.google.com/k/klaus-rohde/competitive-exclusion-gauses-principle/xk923bc3gp4/41#view

Evolutionarily Stable Strategies (ESS’s)

http://knol.google.com/k/klaus-rohde/evolutionarily-stable-strategies-and/xk923bc3gp4/50#view

The Paradox of the Plankton

http://knol.google.com/k/klaus-rohde/the-paradox-of-the-plankton/xk923bc3gp4/40#

Niche Restriction and Segregation

http://knol.google.com/k/klaus-rohde/niche-restriction-and-segregation/xk923bc3gp4/12#

Vacant Niches

http://knol.google.com/k/klaus-rohde/vacant-niches-in-ecology/xk923bc3gp4/8#

Effective Evolutionary Time
http://knol.google.com/k/klaus-rohde/effective-evolutionary-time/xk923bc3gp4/11#

Rapoport’s Rule

http://knol.google.com/k/klaus-rohde/rapoports-rule/xk923bc3gp4/6#

Thorson’s Rule

http://knol.google.com/k/klaus-rohde/thorsons-rule/xk923bc3gp4/5#

Parasitology

The Aspidogastrea, Morphology and Life Cycles

http://knol.google.com/k/klaus-rohde/the-aspidogastrea-a-parasitological/xk923bc3gp4/13#

The Aspidogastrea, Sacculinisation

http://knol.google.com/k/klaus-rohde/the-aspidogastrea-a-parasitological/xk923bc3gp4/15

The Aspidogastrea, Ecology

http://knol.google.com/k/klaus-rohde/the-aspidogastrea-a-parasitological/xk923bc3gp4/16

The Amphilinidea
http://knol.google.com/k/klaus-rohde/the-amphilinidea-a-small-group-of/xk923bc3gp4/21#

Politics

Games Theory (Nash Equilibria) in Politics

http://knol.google.com/k/klaus-rohde/games-theory-nash-equilibria-in/xk923bc3gp4/29#

Ecology/Economics

A Limit to Globalization

http://knol.google.com/k/klaus-rohde/a-limit-to-globalization-fuzzy-chaos/xk923bc3gp4/28

Free Markets, Free Trade, Ecology

http://knol.google.com/k/klaus-rohde/free-markets-and-free-trade-ecology-and/xk923bc3gp4/25#

Philosophy

Schopenhauer’s Philosophy
http://knol.google.com/k/klaus-rohde/a-crash-course-on-schopenhauers/xk923bc3gp4/45#view

Rod Blagojevich, Bernard Madoff, Dreier L.L.P and Iraq

December 15th, 2008 by Klaus Rohde

I have been busy with scientific work over the last week or so, but yesterday I looked at some news items and came across these:

Rod Blagojevich, the governor of Illinois, indicted for trying to sell Obama’s Senate seat for personal gain, Bernard Madoff, the US financial guru and former Nasdaq chairman, released on bail after having been arrested earlier for decades-long fraud leading to the disappearance of nobody knows how much but estimated at around US$50 billion, US$120 billion spent for reconstruction  in Iraq without much success, and - such a small item that it is hardly worth mentioning - fraudulent loss of at least US$35 million by Dreier L.L.P.

In this context, the following excerpts from the autobiography of Alan Greenspan, the former Chairman of the Federal Reserve: “The Age of Turbulence” 2007, page 431, may be of interest. He writes: “Indeed, very few regulators of my acquaintance can give me examples of fraud and embezzlement unearthed by anyone other than a whistleblower.” …… “But in truth, there is no way for an audit committee, new or old, to uncover wrongdoing short of deploying a vast army of investigators who would smother the firm with costly oversight that would likely stifle corporate risk taking and ultimately threaten the viability of the company.”

So, risk taking should not be stifled! We are just experiencing the consequences of excessive risk taking. I wonder whether Greenspan would have written this now, after the big crash has occurred and is occurring.

I recommend to read  E.F. Schumacher’s (1973) classic : “Small is Beautiful. A Study of Economics as if People Mattered”. He traces many of our present problems (in 1973 bad enough, but much worse now, because nobody listened) to our “materialistic” philosophy of life, leading to an over-emphasis on large size and simply greed. Among other things, he suggests that personal ownership of means of production is really justified only if the owner actively participates in the production process, and should be restricted to relatively small enterprises (a few 100 people).

If you want evidence for greed and the disastrous effects, consider the present financial crisis with millions losing their jobs, and look at the  smallest fish of the few examples mentioned above, Dreier:

according to the N. Y. Times 14.12.08: “Their health insurance is in default and the firm will not be able to make its $2.6 million payroll on Monday, lawyers there say.” However, “Mr. Dreier’s lifestyle includes a waterfront home in the Hamptons, a Manhattan triplex and a place on Ocean Avenue in Santa Monica, Calif. He kept a Mercedes 500 in New York, an Aston Martin in California, and a 121-foot blue and white Heesen motor yacht with a Jacuzzi and a crew of 10 docked in Manhattan or St. Maarten. Associates said the boat, the Seascape, was the site of late-night parties at which Mr. Dreier, who is divorced, was often joined by an attractive young crowd.The law offices themselves at 499 Park Avenue were like modern art galleries. In court papers filed this week, the comptroller for the law firm reported that $30 million to $40 million of the firm’s assets had been spent on art. Among Mr. Dreier’s holdings were works by Picasso and a Warhol depiction of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis.”"

Deutsche Weisheit, Deutsche Dummheit VI. Deutsche Weisheit: Deserteure sind keine Verbrecher

December 3rd, 2008 by Klaus Rohde

Hier sind Auszüge (Übersetzung) aus der International Herald Tribune vom 25.1.08.

(http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/11/25/europe/belgium.php)

“YPRES, Belgien.Denkmäler für die Gefallenen des Krieges sind wie Pilze aus der Erde geschossen, aber es hat fast 85 Jahre gedauert, bis ein Denkmal für eine andere Gruppe der Toten errichtet wurde: Soldaten, die von ihrer eigenen Seite hingerichtet wurden, weil sie sich geweigert hatten, weiterzukämpfen.

“Kommandeure begannen, Deserteure und meuternde Truppen an Pfähle zu fesseln, wo sie durch Exekutionskommandos erschossen wurden. Die Briten erschossen 320, und die Franzosen so viele wie 700. Die Deutschen, im allgemeinen, erschossen keine Deserteure.”

“Abgesehen von der Ungerechtigkeit, die meisten wurden erschossen, um ein Beispiel zu konstatieren.¦.. Es war eine Art der geistigen Nötigung”

Den Erschossenen wurde von Präsident Sarkozi keine posthume Amnestie gewährt.

Deutsche Weisheit, Deutsche Dummheit hier:

http://blog.une.edu.au/klausrohde/2008/04/16/deutsche-weisheit-deutsche-dummheit-v-gefahr-von-rechts/

The Theoretical Foundations of Ecology and Economics

December 2nd, 2008 by Klaus Rohde

This is an invitation to contribute to a discussion (by writing comments) about the theoretical foundations of ecology and economics on my knols:

“Free Trade and Free Markets, Ecology and Economics”

http://knol.google.com/k/klaus-rohde/free-markets-and-free-trade-ecology-and/xk923bc3gp4/25#

and

“A Limit to Globalization? Fuzzy Chaos Modelling in Ecology and Economics”

http://knol.google.com/k/klaus-rohde/a-limit-to-globalization-fuzzy-chaos/xk923bc3gp4/28#

Host Specificity Index: New Paper

November 19th, 2008 by Klaus Rohde

A new paper has just come out:

Rohde, K. and Rohde, P.P. (2008). How to measure ecological host specificity. Vie et Milieu-Life and Environment 58 (2), 121-124.

It deals with the following problem: most parasites infect more than one host species, nectar feeding birds, as well as bees and other insects, usually visit more than one plant species, etc. Nevertheless, they often have preferences for particular “host” species. How do we measure this? Obviously, just counting the host species is unsatisfactory, because this would ignore such preferences. Our index considers not just the number of hosts, but the intensity and frequency of their use as well.